I. Theoretical Foundations 1: Religion, M. Christian Green and John Witte, Jr. 2: Moral Philosophy, Siegfried Van Duffel 3: Biological Foundations of Human Rights, Christopher A. Robinson 4: Sociology of Human Rights, Brian S. Turner 5: The Psychology Foundations of Human Rights, Robin Bradley Kar 6: Anthropology and the Grounds of Human Rights, Mark Goodale II. Historical and Legal Sources 7: The Foundations of Justice and Human Rights in Early Legal Texts and Thought, Paul Gordon Lauren 8: General Principles and Constitutions as Sources of Human Rights Law, Michael O'Boyle and Michelle Lafferty 9: The Anti-Slavery Movement and the Rise of International Non-Governmental Organizations, Jenny Martinez 10: Diplomatic Protection as a Source of Human Rights Law, Annemarieke Vermeer-Künzli 11: Humanitarian Law as a Source of Human Rights Law, Gerd Oberleitner 12: Social Justice, Rights, and Labour, Janelle M. Diller 13: The Protection of Minorities under the Auspices of the League of Nations, Péter Kovács III. Structural Principles 14: Human Dignity, Paolo G. Carozza 15: Subsidiarity, Gerald L. Neuman 16: Sovereignty, Johan D. van der Vyver 17: Solidarity, Rüdiger Wolfrum 18: Equality, Jarlath Clifford 19: Proportionality, Yutaka Arai-Takahashi 20: Democracy and the Rule of Law, Christian Tomuschat IV. Normative Evolution 21: The Law-Making Process: From Declaration to Treaty to Custom to Prevention, Bertrand G. Ramcharan 22: Core Rights and Obligations, Martin Scheinin 23: 'Jus Cogens' and Obligations 'Erga Omnes', Erika de Wet 24: Positive and Negative Obligations, Dinah Shelton and Ariel Gould V. Institutions and Actors 25: From Commission to the Council: Evolution of UN Charter Bodies, Miloon Kothari 26: The Role and Impact of Treaty Bodies, Nigel S. Rodley 27: The Role of International Tribunals: Law-Making or Creative Interpretation?, Cecilia Medina 28: Universality and the Growth of Regional Systems, Christof Heyns and Magnus Killander 29: National Implementation and Interpretation, Nisuke Ando 30: Roles and Responsibilities of Non-State Actors, David Weissbrodt VI. Human Rights and General International Law 31: Interpretation of Human Rights Treaties, Malgosia Fitzmaurice 32: Enforcing Human Rights through Economic Sanctions, George A. Lopez 33: Transnational Litigation: Jurisdiction and Immunities, Chimène I. Keitner 34: The Use of International Force to Prevent or Halt Atrocities: From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect, Ramesh Thakur 35: Trade Law and Investment Law, Sarah Joseph VII. Assessments 36: Creating and Applying Human Rights Indicators, Francisco López-Bermúdez 37: Compliance, Gisella Gori 38: What Outcomes for Victims?, Fiona McKay 39: Human Rights Make a Difference: Lessons from Latin America, Juan E. Méndez and Catherine Cone.